Just another timely reminder about about some of the risks of having a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), and some guidelines for managing such events...
As a person who has suffered from a few TIAs, I was most encouraged to pass on this information to my Specialist, and I have now started Dual Anti-Platelet Therapy (DAPT). Because, I am at high risk of further complications due to my acquired Von Willebrands Syndrome (VWS), which seems to kick in around the Million marker for my Platelets, (my last Bloods 939), which simply means that is when I am more likely to suffer from a TIA ...
In any event, I hoped that some of you might also find this of interest...
Best wishes
Steve
MAY 24, 2021
Risk of second stroke can be reduced with prevention efforts based on cause of first stroke
by American Heart Association
Having a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a "mini-stroke," increases the risk for a stroke in the future. Identifying the cause of the stroke or TIA can lead to specific prevention strategies to reduce the risk of additional strokes, according to an updated guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. The guideline is published today in Stroke.
Ischemic strokes account for 87% of strokes in the United States. An ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow in a vessel leading to the brain is blocked, by either clots or plaques. Strokes can lead to serious disability and/or death. A transient ischemic attack, commonly referred to as a TIA, occurs when an artery is blocked for a short amount of time; thus, the blockage is transient (temporary) and does not cause permanent brain injury.
As prevention strategies have improved, studies have noted a reduction in recurrent stroke rates from 8.7% in the 1960s to 5.0% in the 2000s. Yet many risk factors for a second stroke remain poorly managed among stroke survivors.
A new recommendation of the "2021 Guideline for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack" is for health care professionals to perform diagnostic evaluations to determine the cause of the first stroke or TIA within 48 hours of symptom onset. The guideline includes a section outlining treatment recommendations based on the cause of the initial stroke/TIA. Underlying causes could be related to blockages in large arteries in the neck or brain, small arteries in the brain damaged from high blood pressure or diabetes, irregular heart rhythms and many other potential causes.
"It is critically important to understand the best ways to prevent another stroke once someone has had a stroke or a TIA," said Dawn O. Kleindorfer, M.D., FAHA, chair of the guideline writing group, and professor and chair of the department of neurology at the University of Michigan School of Medicine in Ann Arbor, Michigan. "If we can pinpoint the cause of the first stroke or TIA, we can tailor strategies to prevent a second stroke."
For patients who have survived a stroke or TIA, the secondary prevention guidelines recommend:
Managing their vascular risk factors, especially high blood pressure, as well as Type 2 diabetes, cholesterol, triglyceride levels and not smoking.
Limiting salt intake and/or following a Mediterranean diet.
If they are capable of physical activity, engaging in moderate-intensity aerobic activity for at least 10 minutes four times a week or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity for at least 20 minutes twice a week.
"In fact, approximately 80% of strokes can be prevented by controlling blood pressure, eating a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, not smoking and maintaining a healthy weight," said Amytis Towfighi, M.D., FAHA, vice-chair of the guideline writing group, and director of neurological services at the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services.
For health care professionals, the updated treatment recommendations highlighted in the guideline include:
Using multidisciplinary care teams to personalize care for patients and employing shared decision-making with the patient to develop care plans that incorporate a patient's wishes, goals and concerns.
Screening for and diagnosing atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm) and starting blood-thinning medications to reduce recurrent events.
Prescribing antithrombotic therapy, including antiplatelet medications (blood thinners) or anticoagulant medications (to prevent blood clotting), for nearly all patients who don't have contraindications. However, the combination of antiplatelets and anticoagulation is typically not recommended for preventing second strokes, and dual antiplatelet therapy, taking aspirin along with a second medicine to prevent blood clotting, is recommended short-term, only for specific patients: those with early arriving minor stroke and high-risk TIA or severe symptomatic stenosis.
Carotid endarterectomy, surgical removal of a blockage or, in select cases, the use of a stent in the carotid artery, should be considered for patients with narrowing arteries in the neck.
Aggressive medical management of risk factors and short-term dual anti-platelet therapy are preferred for patients with severe intracranial stenosis thought to cause the stroke or TIA.
In some patients, it is now reasonable to consider percutaneously closing (a less invasive, catheter-based surgical procedure) a patent foramen ovale, a small and fairly common heart defect.
The guideline is accompanied by a systematic review article, published simultaneously, "Benefits and Risks of Dual Versus Single Antiplatelet Therapy for Secondary Stroke Prevention." The review paper, chaired, by Devin L. Brown, M.D., M.S., is a meta-analysis of three short-duration clinical trials on dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and concludes DAPT may be appropriate for select patients. The review authors note: "Additional research is needed to determine: the optimal timing of starting treatment relative to the clinical event; the optimal duration of DAPT to maximize the risk-benefit ratio; whether additional populations excluded from POINT and CHANCE [two of the trials examined], such as those with major stroke, may also benefit from early DAPT; and whether certain genetic profiles eliminate the benefit of early DAPT."
"The secondary prevention of stroke guideline is one of the American Stroke Association's 'flagship' guidelines, last updated in 2014," Kleindorfer added. "There are also a number of changes to the writing and formatting of this guideline to make it easier for professionals to understand and locate information more quickly, ultimately greatly improving patient care and preventing more strokes in our patients."
GUIDELINES
TOP 10 TAKE-HOME MESSAGES FOR THE SECONDARY STROKE PREVENTION GUIDELINE
1. Specific recommendations for prevention strategies often depend on the ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack subtype. Therefore, new in this guideline is a section describing recommendations for the diagnostic workup after ischemic stroke, to define ischemic stroke etiology (when possible), and to identify targets for treatment in order to reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke. Recommendations are now grouped by etiologic subtype.
2. Management of vascular risk factors remains extremely important in secondary stroke prevention, including (but not limited to) diabetes, smoking cessation, lipids, and especially hypertension. Intensive medical management, often performed by multidisciplinary teams, is usually best, with goals of therapy tailored to the individual patient.
3. Lifestyle factors, including healthy diet and physical activity, are important for preventing a second stroke. Low-salt and Mediterranean diets are recommended for stroke risk reduction. Patients with stroke are especially at risk for sedentary and prolonged sitting behaviors, and they should be encouraged to perform physical activity in a supervised and safe manner.
4. Changing patient behaviors such as diet, exercise, and medication compliance requires more than just simple advice or a brochure from their physician. Programs that use theoretical models of behavior change, proven techniques, and multidisciplinary support are needed.
5. Antithrombotic therapy, including antiplatelet or anticoagulant agents, is recommended for nearly all patients without contraindications. With very few exceptions, the combination of antiplatelets and anticoagulation is typically not indicated for secondary stroke prevention. Dual antiplatelet therapy is not recommended long term, and short term, dual anti-platelet therapy is recommended only in very specific patients, including those with early arriving minor stroke and high-risk transient ischemic attack or severe symptomatic intracranial stenosis.
6. Atrial fibrillation remains a common and highrisk condition for second ischemic stroke. Anticoagulation is usually recommended if the patient has no contraindications. Heart rhythm monitoring for occult atrial fibrillation is usually recommended if no other cause of stroke is
discovered.
7. Extracranial carotid artery disease is an important and treatable cause of stroke. Patients with severe stenosis ipsilateral to a nondisabling stroke or transient ischemic attack who are candidates for intervention should have the stenosis fixed, likely relatively early after their ischemic stroke.nThe choice between carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting should be driven by specific patient comorbidities and features of their vascular anatomy.
8. Patients with severe intracranial stenosis in the vascular territory of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack should not receive angioplasty and stenting as a first-line therapy for preventing recurrence. Aggressive medical management of risk factors and short-term dual antiplatelet therapy are preferred.
9. Several studies have evaluated secondary stroke prevention of patent foramen ovale closure since the previous guideline in 2014. It is now considered reasonable to close patent foramen ovale percutaneously in selected patients: those with younger age with nonlacunar stroke or no other cause at any age.
10. Patients with embolic stroke of uncertain source should not be treated empirically with anticoagulants or ticagrelor because it was found to be of no benefit.
REFERENCE
Kleindorfer et al 2021. "Stroke". 2021;52:00–00. DOI: 10.1161/STR.0000000000000375
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10. ... 0000000375
